Iron & Steel Industry in India

India is the second largest crude steel producer in the world, with a total production of 103 MT in FY21.

Advantage India

Robust
Demand

* India’s finished steel consumption is anticipated to increase to 230 MT by 2030-31 from 133.596 MT in FY22.

* As of December 2022, India was the world’s second-largest producer of crude steel, with an output of 124.5 MT of crude steel and finished steel production of 117.6 MT, in CY22.

Increasing
investments

* The industry is witnessing consolidation of players, which has led to investment by entities from other sectors. The ongoing consolidation also presents an opportunity to global players to enter the Indian market.

Policy
support

* In October 2021, the government announced guidelines for the approved specialty steel production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.

* Under the Union Budget 2023-24, the government allocated Rs. 70.15 crore (US$ 8.6 million) to the Ministry of Steel.

Competitive
Advantage

* In April-November 2022, the production of crude steel in India stood at 81.96 MT.

* Easy availability of low-cost manpower and presence of abundant iron ore reserves make India competitive in the global set up.

* India is home to fifth-highest reserves of iron ore in the world.

Snapshot Showcase Infographics Reports

Last updated: May, 2023

Steel Industry Industry Report

Feb, 2023

Introduction

One of the primary forces behind industrialization has been the use of metals. Steel has traditionally occupied a top spot among metals. Steel production and consumption are frequently seen as measures of a country's economic development because it is both a raw material and an intermediary product. Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration to argue that the steel sector has always been at the forefront of industrial progress and that it is the foundation of any economy. The Indian steel industry is classified into three categories - major producers, main producers and secondary producers.

As of December 2022, India was the world's second-largest producer of crude steel. In FY22, the production of crude steel and finished steel stood at 133.596 MT and 120.01 MT, respectively. In April-November 2022, the production of crude steel and finished steel stood at 81.96 MT and 78.09 MT respectively. The growth in the Indian steel sector has been driven by the domestic availability of raw materials such as iron ore and cost-effective labour. Consequently, the steel sector has been a major contributor to India's manufacturing output.

The Indian steel industry is modern, with state-of-the-art steel mills. It has always strived for continuous modernisation of older plants and up-gradation to higher energy efficiency levels.

Market Size

In the past 10–12 years, India's steel sector has expanded significantly. Production has increased by 75% since 2008, while domestic steel demand has increased by almost 80%. The capacity for producing steel has grown concurrently, and the rise has been largely organic.

In FY22, the production of crude steel and finished steel stood at 133.596 MT and 120.01 MT, respectively. The consumption of finished steel stood at 105.751 MT in FY22. Between April-December 2022, India's finished steel consumption stood at 75.34 MT. In April-July 2022, the production of crude steel and finished steel stood at 40.95 MT and 38.55 MT respectively.

In FY23 (until January 2023), the exports of finished steel stood at 5.33 MT, while the imports stood at 5 MT. In FY22, exports and imports of finished steel stood at 13.49 MT and 4.67 MT, respectively. In FY22, India's export rose by 25.1% YoY, compared with 2021. In FY21, India exported 9.49 MT of finished steel. In December 2022 exports of finished steel stood at 4.42 lakh tonnes.

The annual production of steel is anticipated to exceed 300 million tonnes by 2030–2031. By 2030–31, crude steel production is projected to reach 255 million tonnes at 85% capacity utilisation achieving 230 million tonnes of finished steel production, assuming a 10% yield loss or a 90% conversion ratio for the conversion of raw steel to finished steel. With net exports of 24 million tonnes, consumption is expected to reach 206 million tonnes by the years 2030–1931. As a result, it is anticipated that per-person steel consumption will grow to 160 kg.

Investments

The steel industry and its associated mining and metallurgy sectors have seen major investments and developments in the recent past.

According to the data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), between April 2000-December 2022, Indian metallurgical industries attracted FDI inflows of US$ 17.22 billion.

In FY22, demand for steel was expected to increase by 17% to 110 million tonnes, driven by rising construction activities.

Some of the major investments in the Indian steel industry are as follows:

67 applications from 30 companies have been selected under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Specialty Steel. This will attract committed investment of Rs. 42,500 crore (US$ 5.19 billion) with a downstream capacity addition of 26 million tonnes and employment generation potential of 70,000.
In September 2022, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), a Maharatna PSU, supplied 30,000 tonnes of the entire DMR grade specialty steel for the nation’s first indigenously built Aircraft Carrier INS Vikrant.
In August 2022, Tata Steel signed an MoU with Punjab Government to set up a steel scrap based electric arc furnace steel plant.
In May 2022, Tata Steel announced a CAPEX of Rs. 12,000 crore (US$ 1.50 billion).
In October 2021, Tata Steel was planning to set up more scrap-based facilities that will have a capacity of at least a billion tonnes by 2025.
In October 2021, JSW Steel invested Rs. 150 billion (US$ 19.9 million) to build a steel plant in Jammu and Kashmir and boost manufacturing in the region.
In October 2021, ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel Corp.'s joint venture steel firm in India, announced a plan to expand its operations in the country by investing ~Rs. 1 trillion (US$ 13.34 billion) over 10 years.
In August 2021, Tata Steel announced to invest Rs. 8,000 crore (US$ 1.08 billion) in capital expenditure to develop operations in India in FY22.
In August 2021, ArcelorMittal announced to invest Rs. 1 lakh crore (US$ 13.48 billion) in Gujarat for capacity expansion.
In August 2021, Tata Steel announced to invest Rs. 3,000 crore (US$ 404.46 million) in Jharkhand to expand capacities over the next three years.
In August 2021, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd. announced plans to invest US$ 2.4 billion to increase capacity over the next six years to meet the rising demand from customers.
In the next three years from June 2021, JSW Steel is planning to invest Rs. 47,457 crore (US$ 6.36 billion) to increase Vijayanagar's steel plant capacity by 5 MTPA and establish a mining infrastructure in Odisha.

Government Initiatives

Some of the other recent Government initiatives in this sector are as follows:

In October 2021, the government announced guidelines for the approved specialty steel production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.
In October 2021, India and Russia signed an MoU to carry out R&D in the steel sector and produce coking coal (used in steel making).
In July 2021, the Union Cabinet approved the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for specialty steel. The scheme is expected to attract investment worth ~Rs. 400 billion (US$ 5.37 billion) and expand specialty steel capacity by 25 million tonnes (MT), to 42 MT in FY27, from 18 MT in FY21.
In June 2021, Minister of Steel & Petroleum & Natural Gas, Mr. Dharmendra Pradhan addressed the webinar on 'Making Eastern India a manufacturing hub with respect to metallurgical industries', organised by the Indian Institute of Metals. In 2020, 'Mission Purvodaya' was launched to accelerate the development of the eastern states of India (Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and the northern part of Andhra Pradesh) through the establishment of an integrated steel hub in Kolkata, West Bengal. Eastern India has the potential to add >75% of the country's incremental steel capacity. It is expected that of the 300 MT capacity by 2030-31, >200 MT can come from this region alone.
In June 2021, JSW Steel, CSIR-National Chemical Lab (NCL), Scottish Development International (SDI) and India H2 Alliance (IH2A) joined forces to commercialise hydrogen in the steel and cement sectors.
Under the Union Budget 2023-24, the government allocated Rs. 70.15 crore (US$ 8.6 million) to the Ministry of Steel.
In addition, an investment of Rs. 75,000 crore (US$ 9.15 billion) (including Rs. 15,000 crore (US$ 1.83 billion) from private sources) has been allocated for 100 critical transport infrastructure projects for last and first mile connectivity for various sectors such as ports, coal, and steel.
In January 2021, the Ministry of Steel, Government of India, signed a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Government of Japan, to boost the steel sector through joint activities under the framework of India–Japan Steel Dialogue.
The Union Cabinet, Government of India approved the National Steel Policy (NSP) 2017, as it intends to create a globally competitive steel industry in India. NSP 2017 envisage 300 million tonnes (MT) steel-making capacity and 160 kgs per capita steel consumption by 2030-31.
The Ministry of Steel is facilitating the setting up of an industry driven Steel Research and Technology Mission of India (SRTMI) in association with the public and private sector steel companies to spearhead research and development activities in the iron and steel industry at an initial corpus of Rs. 200 crore (US$ 30 million).
The Government of India raised import duty on most steel items twice, each time by 2.5% and imposed measures including anti-dumping and safeguard duties on iron and steel items.

Road Ahead

The steel industry has emerged as a major focus area given the dependence of a diverse range of sectors on its output as India works to become a manufacturing powerhouse through policy initiatives like Make in India. With the industry accounting for about 2% of the nation's GDP, India ranks as the world's second-largest producer of steel and is poised to overtake China as the world's second-largest consumer of steel. Both the industry and the nation's export manufacturing capacity have the potential to help India regain its favourable steel trade balance.

The National Steel Policy, 2017 envisage 300 million tonnes of production capacity by 2030-31. The per capita consumption of steel has increased from 57.6 kgs to 74.1 kgs during the last five years. The government has a fixed objective of increasing rural consumption of steel from the current 19.6 kg/per capita to 38 kg/per capita by 2030-31. As per Indian Steel Association (ISA), steel demand will grow by 7.2% in 2019-20 and 2020-21.

Huge scope for growth is offered by India's comparatively low per capita steel consumption and the expected rise in consumption due to increased infrastructure construction and the thriving automobile and railways sectors.

Note: Conversion rate used in February 2023, Rs. 1 = US$ 0.012

References: Media reports, Press releases, Press Information Bureau (PIB), Joint Plant Committee (JPC), Union Budget 2021-22, Union Budget 2023-24

Note: P- Provisional, Except low grade (below 58%)