Advantage India
Growing
Demand
*India is the third-largest producer and consumer of electricity worldwide, with an installed power capacity of 442.85 GW as of April 30, 2024.
*Growing population along with increasing electrification and per-capita usage will provide further impetus. Power consumption in India in FY23 logged a 9.5% growth to 1,503.65 Billion Units (BU).
*India has committed to augment non fossil fuel based installed electricity generation capacity to over 5,00,000 MW by 2031-32.
Attractive
Opportunities
*According to a report by Motilal Oswal, the Indian power sector presents an investment opportunity worth Rs. 40,00,000 crore (US$ 461.95 billion) over the next decade, driven by rising demand, infrastructure upgrades, and the transition to clean energy.
*Renewable energy and transmission infrastructure offer attractive prospects, such as Power Grid’s Rs. 2,00,000 crore (US$ 23.10 billion) Capital Expenditure (capex) opportunity.
*In the Budget for 2024, the government's power sector initiatives have been allocated funds that are 50% higher. Increased funds have been allocated to green hydrogen, solar power, and green-energy corridors in line with the renewable energy target for 2030.
*In order to meet India’s 500 GW renewable energy target and tackle the annual issue of coal demand supply mismatch, the Ministry of Power has identified 81 thermal units which will replace coal with renewable energy generation by 2026.
Policy
Support
*India has unveiled a comprehensive plan worth Rs. 9.15 lakh crore (US$ 109.50 billion) to enhance its power infrastructure and meet a projected demand of 458 GW by 2032. This initiative, led by the Ministry of Power under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aims to strengthen the national power grid and boost energy security.
*Cabinet approves PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana for installing rooftop solar in One Crore households.
Higher
Investments
*GEAPP plans to scale decarbonisation technologies in India, investing Rs. 861.10 crore (US$ 100 million) for clean energy projects, including AI-driven grid optimization in Rajasthan.
*The nation plans to invest Rs. 9,15,920 crore (US$ 107 billion) by 2032 to develop additional transmission lines, supporting its goal to nearly triple its clean power capacity.
*India’s power sector is expected to attract investment worth Rs. 17 lakh crore (US$ 205.31 billion) in next five to seven years. The power generation industry in India will require a total investment of Rs. 33 lakh crore (US$ 400 billion ) and 3.78 million power professionals by 2032 to meet the rising energy demands, as per the National Electricity Plan India has the potential to attract an investment of over US$ 20 billion in renewables in 2023.
*As per the National Infrastructure Pipeline 2019-2025, energy sector projects accounted for the highest share (24%) out of the total expected capital expenditure of Rs. 111 lakh crore (US$ 1.4 trillion).
Introduction
Power is among the most critical components of infrastructure, crucial for the economic growth and welfare of nations. The existence and development of adequate power infrastructure is essential for sustained growth of the Indian economy. The fundamental principle of India’s power industry has been to provide universal access to affordable power in a sustainable way. The Ministry of Power has made significant efforts over the past few years to turn the country from one with a power shortage to one with a surplus by establishing a single national grid, fortifying the distribution network, and achieving universal household electrification.
India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources of power generation range from conventional sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power, to viable non-conventional sources such as wind, solar, agricultural, and domestic waste. Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is expected to rise further in the years to come. In order to meet the increasing demand for electricity in the country, massive addition to the installed generating capacity is required.
India was ranked fourth in wind power capacity and solar power capacity and fourth in renewable power installed capacity, as of 2021. India is the only country among the G20 nations that is on track to achieve the targets under the Paris Agreement.
Market Size
India is the third-largest producer and consumer of electricity worldwide, with an installed power capacity of 466.24 GW as of January 31, 2025.
As of December 2024, India has a total installed capacity of 209.45 GW for renewable energy sources, including large hydropower. The breakdown is as follows: Wind power at 48.16 GW, solar power at 97.87 GW, biomass/co-generation at 10.73 GW, small hydro power at 5.10 GW, waste to energy at 0.62 GW, and large hydro at 46.97 GW. This diverse mix highlights India's significant strides in expanding renewable energy infrastructure for a more sustainable energy future.
The non-hydro renewable energy capacity addition stood at 15.27 GW in FY23, up from 14.07 GW in FY22.
India's power generation witnessed its highest growth rate in over 30 years in FY23. Power generation in India increased by 6.80% to 1,452.43 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) as of January 2024. According to data from the Ministry of Power, India's power consumption stood at 1,503.65 BU in April 2023.
The peak power demand in the country stood at 249.85 GW in September 2024.
The coal plants registered a PLF of 73.7% for the first nine-months period in FY23 compared to 68.5% in FY22 for the same period.
Thermal power plant load is estimated to improve by 63% in FY24, fuelled by strong demand growth along with subdued capacity addition in the sector.
According to a report by Motilal Oswal, the Indian power sector presents an investment opportunity worth Rs. 40,00,000 crore (US$ 461.95 billion) over the next decade, driven by rising demand, infrastructure upgrades, and the transition to clean energy.
Developments/Investments
Total FDI inflows in the power sector reached US$ 18.34 billion between April 2000-June 2024, accounting for 2.64% of the total FDI inflow in India.
Some major investments and developments in the Indian power sector are as follows:
- In FY25 (until December 2024), the power generation in India was 1,378.418 BU.
- In FY24 (until March 2024), the power generation in India was 1,739.09 BU.
- Cumulative FDI inflow in the power sector stood at US$ 19.59 billion between April 2000-Septemer 2024.
- In 2023-24, India’s renewable energy sector received Rs. 32,141 crore (US$ 3.7 billion) in foreign investment.
- India has received a cumulative amount of US$ 3.8 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the solar energy sector over the past three fiscal years and the ongoing fiscal year until September 2023.
- India ranked fourth in the list of countries to make significant investments in renewable energy by allotting US$ 77.7 billion between 2015 and 2022.
- India’s electricity generation from renewable and non-renewable sources for FY21, FY22, and FY23 was 1,373.08 BU, 1,484.36 BU, and 1,617.72 BU, respectively.
- The power generation industry in India will require a total investment of Rs. 33 lakh crore (US$ 400 billion) and 3.78 million power professionals by 2032 to meet the rising energy demands, as per the National Electricity Plan 2022-32.
- By 2031, the current installed nuclear power capacity is expected to rise from 7,480 MW to 22,480 MW because of the progressive completion of projects under construction and accorded sanction.
- As informed in August 2023, towards achieving carbon neutral Ladakh, NTPC is setting up a hydrogen fuelling station, and solar plant and providing five fuel cell buses for operation on intracity routes of Leh.
- In August 2023, North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCO), a 100% subsidiary of NTPC, took a significant step towards sustainable energy development by signing a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- In July 2023, NTPC’s Group installed capacity touched 73,024 MW.
- In July 2023, PFC signed various MoUs worth Rs. 2.37 lakh crore (US$ 29 billion) with 20 companies in the clean energy space.
- In August 2023, Tata Power EV Charging Solutions Limited (TPEVCSL), a Tata Power group Company and Zoomcar, a leading marketplace for car sharing, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to promote widespread electric vehicle adoption and deliver a seamless, user-friendly charging experience to EV users nationwide.
- In August 2023, SJVN was conferred with “2nd Annual Greentech Quality & Innovation Award 2023” under the category of Quality Improvement.
- In June 2023, Tata Power, one of the leading players in the electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure space, collaborated with the Ayodhya Development Authority to set up EV charging points in public parking locations across the city.
- Tata Power Company has been recognised as the country's ‘Most Attractive Employer Brand,’ according to the recently published Randstad Employer Brand Research (REBR) 2023 report by HR services provider Randstad India.
- In June 2023, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between NHPC Limited and the Government of Odisha through GRIDCO Limited for “Development of Pumped Storage Projects (PSPs) and Renewable Energy in the State of Odisha”.
- India has the potential to attract an investment of over US$ 20 billion in renewables in 2023.
- In May 2023, NTPC commenced its venture into hydrogen and energy storage solutions with the establishment of a hydrogen hub in Andhra Pradesh.
- In May 2023, TP Saurya Tata Power Trading Company Ltd. signed a power purchase agreement to set up a 200 MW solar project at Bikaner, Rajasthan.
- Adani Group is exploring a US$ 3 billion investment in Vietnam’s seaport ecosystem and wind and solar energy projects.
- In February 2023, Tata Power inaugurated ‘Divyang’ a managed customer relations centre in Mumbai, which is a first among Indian power utilities.
- In January 2023, the Union Cabinet (CCEA) approved investment of Rs. 2,614 crores (US$ 315 million) for SJVN’s 382 MW Sunni Dam Hydro Project.
- In January 2023, President of India laid foundation stone of SJVN’s 1000 MW Bikaner Solar Power Project in Rajasthan.
- In January 2023, the President of India dedicated transmission system built by PowerGrid for 8.9 GW of solar power in Rajasthan.
- Mumbai headquartered Essar Group has formed the Essar Energy Transition (EET) with the objective to invest a total of US$ 3.6 billion in developing a range of low carbon energy transition projects over the next five years.
- In November 2022, the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (MSEDCL) granted the "Letter of Award" (LoA) to Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited (TPREL), a Tata Power subsidiary, to build a 150 MW solar project in Solapur, Maharashtra.
- In October 2022, SJVN started commissioning its 75 MW Solar Power Project in Parasan Solar Park which is located at Tehsil Kalpi, District Jalaun near Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
- In August 2022, NHPC Limited and the Government of Himachal Pradesh inked an implementation agreement for the 500 MW Dugar Hydroelectric Project in the Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh.
- In August 2022, Norfund, who manage the Norwegian Climate Investment Fund, and KLP, Norway’s biggest pension company, signed an agreement to buy a 49% share of a 420 MW solar power plant in Rajasthan for Rs. 2.8 billion (US$ 35.05 million).
- In August 2022, Tata Power Green Energy Limited (TPGEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Power, commissioned a 225MW hybrid power project in Rajasthan.
- In August 2022, NHPC signed a MoU with the Investment Board Nepal (IBN) to develop 750 MW West Seti and 450 MW SR-6 Hydroelectric Projects in Nepal.
- In July 2022, NTPC signed a MoU with MASEN (Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy) for cooperation in the renewable energy sector.
- In June 2022, SJVN announced a collaboration with the Assam government for the development of hydro and renewable energy projects in the state.
- In June 2022, SJVN signed investment agreements worth Rs. 80,000 crore (US$ 10.24 billion) with the Uttar Pradesh government for implementing three solar power projects in the state.
- In May 2022, SJVN signed a pact with Tata Power Solar Systems to build a 1,000 MW solar project worth Rs. 5,500 crore (US$ 704.38 million) in Bikaner, Rajasthan.
- In June 2022, NTPC declared commercial operation of second part capacity of 15 MW out of 56 MW Kawas Solar PV project in Gujarat.
- In June 2022, NHPC signed an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract with Adani Infra Limited to develop a 600 MW solar project under the Central Public Sector Undertaking program (Phase-II).
- Investment in India’s renewable energy sector grew more than 125% YoY to touch a record US$ 14.5 billion in FY22.
- In March 2022, NTPC announced that it was ready to start partial power generation of 10 GW from a 92 MW floating solar energy plant being set up at NTPC's unit at Kayamkulam in Kerala.
- In March 2022, NTPC announced that it will start commercial operations of 74.88 MW capacity of its 296 MW Fatehgarh solar project in Rajasthan.
- In March 2022, Adani Solar, and Smart Power India (SPI), a subsidiary of Rockefeller Foundation, signed a non-financial and non-commercial MoU promote the usage of solar rooftop panels in rural India.
- In February 2022, Kolkata-based Eminent Electricity Distribution Ltd., a subsidiary of CESC Limited, bid Rs. 871 crore (US$ 113.24 million) to take over Chandigarh’s power supply department, which was approved, and the transition will happen by the end of March.
- SJVN Limited is looking to develop 10,000 MW solar power projects inviting investment of Rs. 50,000 crore (US$ 6.56 billion) in the next five years in Rajasthan.
- In November 2021, NTPC announced that its 80 MW solar power-generation capacity in Jetsar (Rajasthan) has started commercial operations from October 22, 2021. The total capacity of the project is 160 MW.
- In November 2021, SJVN began the second unit work of the 1,320 MW Buxar thermal power plant in Bihar.
Government Policies & Initiatives
The Government of India has identified the power sector as a key sector of focus to promote sustained industrial growth. Some initiatives by the Government to boost the Indian power sector are as below:
- India has unveiled a comprehensive plan worth Rs. 9.15 lakh crore (US$ 109.50 billion) to enhance its power infrastructure and meet a projected demand of 458 GW by 2032. This initiative, led by the Ministry of Power under Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi, aims to strengthen the national power grid and boost energy security. The Government of India has approved new Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) schemes to evacuate 9 GW of RE power from Rajasthan and Karnataka. These schemes will be implemented through Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) mode. These schemes are part of 500 GW RE capacity by 2030 out of which 200 GW is already connected.
- The Union Cabinet has sanctioned the PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana. This initiative, with a total budget of Rs. 75,021 crore (US$ 9 billion) aims to install rooftop solar systems and offer complimentary electricity of up to 300 units per month to one crore households.
- The Union Budget 2025-26 marks the launch of a Nuclear Energy Mission, which focuses on the research and development (R&D) of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The government has allocated Rs. 20,000 crore (US$ 2.33 billion) for this initiative, with the aim of developing at least five indigenously designed and operational SMRs by 2033.
- The Union Budget 2025-26 outlines a strategy for the development of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs), which are designed to reduce land requirements and support industries in decarbonization efforts. Under this plan, private sector entities will provide land, cooling water, and capital, while the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) will be responsible for the design, quality assurance, operation, and maintenance of the reactors.
- In the Union Budget 2025-26, the government boosted its flagship rooftop solar initiative, PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, by allocating Rs. 20,000 crore (US$ 2.33 billion) an 80% increase to fast-track the deployment of rooftop solar projects.
- In the Budget for 2024, the government's power sector initiatives have been allocated funds that are 50% higher. Increased funds have been allocated to green hydrogen, solar power, and green-energy corridors in line with the renewable energy target for 2030.
- In the Union Budget 2022-23, the government allocated Rs. 7,327 crore (US$ 885 million) for the solar power sector including grid, off-grid, and PM-KUSUM projects.
- Under the Union Budget 2022-23, the government announced the issuance of sovereign green bonds, as well as conferring infrastructure status to energy storage systems, including grid-scale battery systems.
- The Green Energy Corridor projects have been initiated to facilitate renewable power evacuation and reshaping the grid for future requirements. As on October 2022, 8651 ckm of intra-state transmission lines have been constructed and 19,558 MVA intra-state substations have been charged.
- To encourage rooftop solar (RTS) throughout the country, Ministry New and Renewable Energy has developed a National Portal wherein any residential consumer from any part of the country can apply for rooftop solar without waiting for Discom to finalize tender and empanel vendors. Since the launch on July 30, 2022, the total number of applications received on the national portal is for 117 MW solar capacity and the feasibility of more than 18 MW projects is granted.
- Production Linked Incentive Scheme (Tranche II) on ‘National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules,’ with an outlay of Rs. 19,500 crore (US$ 2.47 billion) was approved and launched.
- As of August 24, 2022, over 36.86 crore LED bulbs, 72.18 lakh LED tube lights and 23.59 lakh energy-efficient fans have been distributed across the country, saving around 48,411 million kWh per year and around Rs. 19,332 crore (US$ 2.35 billion) in cost savings.
- As of November 2022, over 51.62 lakh smart metres have been deployed under the National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM), with a further 61.13 lakh to be deployed.
- Electrification in the country is increasing with support from schemes like Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY), Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY), and Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS).
- In order to meet India’s 500 GW renewable energy target and tackle the annual issue of coal demand supply mismatch, the Ministry of Power has identified 81 thermal units which will replace coal with renewable energy generation by 2026.
- In February 2022, a parliamentary standing committee recommended the government to take steps to increase the loan limit for renewable energy sector under priority sector lending. The current limit stands at Rs. 30 crore (U$ 3.93 million).
- In December 2021, West Bengal got a loan approval for US$ 135 million from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also called the World Bank) to improve the operational efficiency and reliability of electricity supply in select regions in the state.
- In November 2021, the government announced future plans to increase the funding under the PLI scheme for domestic solar cells and module manufacturing to Rs. 24,000 crore (US$ 3.17 billion) from the existing Rs. 4,500 crore (US$ 594.68 million) to make India an exporting nation.
- In November 2021, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) stated that it will partner with private sector energy service companies to scale up its Building Energy Efficiency Programme (BEEP).
- In September 2021, the Government of the United Kingdom announced that it will invest US$ 1.2 billion through public and private investments in green projects and renewable energy in India to support the latter’s target of 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
- The Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, “Saubhagya,” was launched by the Government of India with an aim of achieving universal household electrification. As of March 2021, 2.82 crore households have been electrified under this scheme.
- According to the S&P Global Platts Top 250 Global Energy Rankings 2021, Reliance Industries Ltd. and Indian Oil Corp. Ltd. ranked 3rd and 6th, respectively.
Road Ahead
In the current decade (2020-29), the Indian electricity sector is likely to witness a major transformation with respect to demand growth, energy mix and market operations. India wants to ensure that everyone has reliable access to sufficient electricity at all times, while also accelerating the clean energy transition by lowering its reliance on dirty fossil fuels and moving toward more environmentally friendly, renewable sources of energy. Future investments will benefit from strong demand fundamentals, policy support and increasing government focus on infrastructure.
The Government of India is preparing a 'rent a roof' policy for supporting its target of generating 40 GW of power through solar rooftop projects by 2022. It also plans to set up 21 new nuclear power reactors with a total installed capacity of 15,700 MW by 2031.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) estimates India’s power requirement to grow to reach 817 GW by 2030. Also, by 2029-30, CEA estimates that the share of renewable energy generation would increase from 18% to 44%, while that of thermal energy is expected to reduce from 78% to 52%.
The government plans to establish renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
References: Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Media Reports, Press Releases, Press Information Bureau (PIB), Union Budget 2022-23, Union Budget 2023-24
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