Green Architecture: India's Push Towards Eco-Friendly Buildings and Sustainable Urban Development

In India, a modern approach to architecture is gaining momentum, one that aims to minimise the environmental impact of buildings. This concept, called sustainable or green architecture, highlights the efficient and responsible use of resources such as materials and energy. With climate change and resource scarcity posing challenges globally, the significance of this philosophy is becoming increasingly apparent. In a country like India, where urbanisation and population growth are rapid, environmental issues are particularly urgent. Green architecture provides a way to support development while minimising the environmental impact of buildings. The popularity of this approach is increasing due to the demand for sustainable building methods that are energy efficient and cost effective. Research indicates that green buildings, in India, could potentially save 20–30% energy compared to conventional ones.

India’s impressive rank, as third in the US Green Building Councils list of countries for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification in 2023, underscores its advancements in eco-friendly construction practices. With 248 approved projects spanning across more than 7.23 million gross square meters (GSM), India is showcasing its dedication to sustainability. A recent article by the Economic Times sheds light on the increasing embrace of green building techniques in India noting that over 65% of office buildings in the nation now carry green certifications. India is positioned as a frontrunner in promoting eco-friendly building approaches paving the way for a sustainable and resilient urban landscape.

Characteristics of a green building

Green building, also known as sustainable and resilient building, refers to the design, construction and operation of buildings in an environmentally responsible manner. Green buildings strive to lessen how the constructed environment affects people's well-being and nature. Following measures are used in Green Buildings:

• Using renewable and sustainable resources: Prioritise materials and resources that are renewable, sustainable and environmentally economical.
• Conserving energy: Implement energy-efficient systems and appliances to minimise energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• Reducing water usage: Using efficient fixtures and appliances to conserve water.
• Improving indoor air quality: Good indoor air quality is prioritised by incorporating natural ventilation, air filtration systems and low-emitting materials to minimise indoor air pollutants.
• Enhancing biodiversity: Green roofs, living walls and other features that support local flora and fauna are adopted.

The LEED certification is known as a benchmark for eco-friendly building projects in India. Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI) plays a key role as the organisation in India that gives out LEED certification. Besides LEED, GBCI manages several related certifications in India including Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER), Total Resource Use and Efficiency (TRUE), Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies (EDGE) and SITES. These certifications emphasise sustainability aspects, like energy efficiency, water conservation and waste management.

The rise of green architecture in India: A path towards sustainability

Environmental concerns are becoming increasingly pressing in India. The concept of green architecture, which involves creating buildings with minimal environmental impact, is seen as a promising approach to tackle these challenges.

• Government policies and incentives: Leading the way
  The Indian government has put rules and programs in place to push for eco-friendly building practices and LEED certifications. These actions have a big influence on India's spot as one of the world's leaders in green building certifications. The US Green Building Council (USGBC) says that in 2023, India has over 7 billion square feet of green building spaces making it the top country in this field.
  • Key policies and incentives:
    • Green building policy
      Introduced in 2006, this initiative aims to promote the use of sustainable building methods nationwide. It sets ambitious objectives for the construction of green buildings with the aim of ensuring that all new structures adhere to standards by 2030.
    • Tax benefits 
      The Indian government provides tax incentives to developers who construct LEED certified buildings under the Income Tax Act. Developers are eligible to receive up to 100% depreciation on expenses related to building features like solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems and waste management infrastructure.
    • Loans
      The Indian government offers loans at low interest rates through the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) for construction of projects that have green certifications.
    • State-level incentives
      Various states in India have their strategies and initiatives to encourage green building certification, including offering incentives and tax breaks to support energy efficient constructions and renewable energy initiatives. For e.g., Gujarat has a financial incentive of Rs. 10,00,000 (US$ 11,943).
    • Fast-track approvals
      Buildings that are certified green are eligible for incentives, such as fast-track approvals, expedited inspections and reduced building fees.
    • Promotion of renewable energy
      The government also provides subsidies and tax benefits to promote renewable energy in the country, indirectly promoting LEED-certified buildings.
• Technological advancements: Paving the way for innovation
  Technology's growth has a big impact on making eco-friendly buildings more common in India. People are starting to use more sustainable stuff like recycled concrete and bamboo. Furthermore, solar panels and wind turbines are included into building plans to use renewable energy. These new ideas help build places that are eco-friendly and economical. The Economic Times says that by 2025, India's building market will be worth about US$ 39 billion. Of this, US$ 11 billion will come from commercial projects and US$ 28 billion from homes.
• Growing public demand: A shift in consumer preferences
  The increasing public awareness of the benefits of eco-friendly architecture is causing a shift, in consumer preferences. Consumers are becoming conscious of the environment and are willing to invest extra for green buildings. This rising demand for environment-friendly structures is pushing developers to embrace green building practices hastening the growth of eco-friendly architecture in India. According to a study by Business Standard green buildings have the potential to decrease emissions by 35% and lower maintenance costs by 20%. This economic benefit along with the increasing consciousness is driving the desire for green buildings in India making them an appealing and practical choice, for both developers and consumers.

Source- Mordor Intelligence

Challenges in promoting green architecture in India

• Access to sustainable materials

One of the primary challenges sustainable architects face is the availability and cost of sustainable building materials. While there is a growing market for these materials in India, they are often more expensive and less accessible than conventional options. This can hinder the adoption of green building practices, especially in budget-sensitive projects.

• Regulatory and certification barriers

Navigating the regulatory landscape and achieving certifications, like LEED, in India can be complex and time-consuming. Architects must stay updated with the latest standards and ensure their designs meet stringent criteria. This requires additional effort and resources, which can be a barrier for smaller firms or individual practitioners.

• Lack of awareness and understanding

Despite the growing interest in green architecture, there is a lack of awareness and understanding among stakeholders. Many people are unaware of the enduring benefits of green buildings, and those who are aware often perceive them as an expensive and financially unachievable option.

• Need for skilled workforce

The scarcity of skilled experts and manpower poses a substantial obstacle. From policymakers to architects, engineers to contractors, there is a pervasive lack of adequate knowledge and skills needed for widespread green building construction.

Opportunities presented by overcoming these challenges

• Long-term cost savings and increased property value: The energy efficiency of green buildings not only results in significant long-term cost savings but also increases property values. Green buildings in India can reduce water consumption and CO2 emissions by 20%–30% and up to 35%, respectively. The average operating cost savings in the first year for new green buildings is 10.5%.
• Creation of new jobs and economic growth: The green building sector can drive innovation and create numerous jobs, contributing to economic growth. The construction industry presents a diverse array of green job options, with architects and interior designers actively engaging in sustainable projects.

The future of green architecture in India: A glimpse into a sustainable tomorrow

Green architecture in India is set to have a future driven by a mix of trends and technologies, supportive policies and regulations and a growing public interest in sustainable living. The future of architecture will be shaped by artificial intelligence, innovative building materials, smart building technologies, vertical greenery and principles of the circular economy. Government incentives, mandatory green building codes and partnerships between the private sectors will provide the backing and structure. This combination of factors will not only promote sustainability but also create new economic opportunities and improve the overall quality of life. The global market for green buildings is forecasted to reach US$ 594.8 billion by 2027 with India playing a role in this growth. By 2025, the Indian market for green buildings is expected to hit US$ 39 billion showcasing the sectors potential. With policies, technological progressions and increasing consciousness about sustainability issues green architecture in India is primed for substantial expansion, towards a sustainable and resilient future.

By tackling challenges like high initial costs, lack of awareness and the need for skilled labourers, India can harness the vast potential of eco-friendly architecture. As India moves forward on its path towards a greener tomorrow, eco-friendly architecture will undoubtedly play a huge role in fostering a resilient and sustainable future for upcoming generations. The country’s commitment to eco-friendly construction practices sets an example, for developing nations by demonstrating that economic growth and environmental sustainability can effectively complement each other.