India’s defence manufacturing sector has been witnessing a CAGR of 3.9% between 2016 and 2020. Demand growth is likely to accelerate with rising concerns of national security. The overall production sector deceased in 2019; however, growth was observed in the value of production by Defence PSUs due to numerous key product developments through research and development initiatives, in addition to various products and equipment being manufactured through transfer of technology.
The defence exports in the country witnessed strong growth in the last one decade. Defence exports in India were estimated to be at US$ 732.4 million in 2021-22 (Until February 8, 2022). India’s defence import value stood at US$ 463 million for FY20 and is expected to be at US$ 469.5 million in FY21. To boost the domestic defence sector manufacturing, the Ministry of Defence, in December 2020, approved the export of indigenously-developed surface-to-air Akash missile system and set up a panel to ensure faster approvals for acquisition proposals by various countries.
India’s defence budget for 2021-22 is Rs. 478,195.62 crore (US$ 65.64 billion), 18.75% higher than the budget estimates FY21. The total allocation for defence services and other organisations/departments under the Ministry of Defence for FY22 is Rs. 362,345.62 crore (US$ 49.74 billion) (excluding defence pension), an increase of Rs. 24,792.62 crore (US$ 3.40 billion) over FY21. Ministry of Defence (MoD’s) gap between resource requirement and allocation, which briefly narrowed from a high of 30% in 2018-19 to 25% in 2019-20. In October 2020, India and the UAE have agreed to take their defence cooperation further through joint production and mutual trade. This move is expected to boost domestic defence exports and achieve defence export targets worth US$ 5 billion in the next five years. The country plans to spend US$ 130 billion on military modernisation in the next five years and is also achieving self-reliance in defence production. Additionally, 100% FDI is allowed in the defence industry, wherein 74% is allowed the under automatic route and beyond 74% is through the government route.
The government has established two Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs) in the country, one in Uttar Pradesh called the Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor (UPDIC) and the other in Tamil Nadu called the Tamil Nadu Defence Industrial Corridor (TNDIC), with the goal of attracting Rs 10,000 crore (US$ 1.31 billion) in investment in each.
In November 2021, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) boosted the ‘Make in India’ initiative by according Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) — to capital acquisition proposals worth Rs. 7,965 crore (US$ 1.07 billion) — for modernisation and operational needs of armed forces.
In November 2021, Raksha Mantri, Mr. Rajnath Singh, inaugurated the first private operationalised defence manufacturing facility in the Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor (UPDIC), in Lucknow. The facility operated by Aerolloy Technologies — a wholly owned subsidiary of PTC industries — will manufacture parts for aircraft and helicopter engines, structural parts for aircrafts, drones and UAVs, submarines, ultra-light artillery guns, space launch vehicles and strategy systems.
The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully flight tested two indigenously-developed smart anti-airfield weapons in November 2021.
In November 2021, to demonstrate the growing India-Israeli technological cooperation, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India and Directorate of Defence Research and Development (DDR&D), Ministry of Defence, Israel, entered a Bilateral Innovation Agreement (BIA) to promote innovation and R&D in start-ups and MSMEs of both countries for development of dual use technologies.
On October 15, 2021, Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, dedicated the seven defence public sector undertakings (PSUs)—created through the restructuring of the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB)—to improve functional autonomy, efficiency, growth potential and innovation in the defence sector.
In October 2021, India and the US at the 16th India-US Defence Policy Group (DPG) meeting in Washington DC, discussed the possibility of expanding their bilateral defence cooperation to new domains, including space, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and counter drone technologies.
On October 27, 2021, India successfully launched the surface-to-surface ballistic missile, Agni-5, from the APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. The missile has the capacity and range to strike targets up to 5,000 kilometres with a very high degree of accuracy.
In October 2021, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract with the US Government, under Foreign Military Sale (FMS), for procurement of MK 54 torpedo and expendables (chaff and flares) for the Indian Navy, at a cost of Rs. 423 crore (US$ 56.53 million).
In September 2021, the Ministry of Defence announced a Rs. 22,000 crore (US$ 3.0 billion) deal with Tata-Airbus to procure 56 C-295 transport aircraft for the Indian Air Force (IAF). This deal is part of a series of initiatives to advertise the non-public sector in defence manufacturing.
In September 2021, India proposed to make the India-Africa Defence Dialogue a regular event by holding it alongside the DefExpo military exhibition held in every two years. The dialogue will help develop existing partnerships between African countries and India to explore new areas of convergence for mutual engagements including capacity building, training, cyber security, maritime security, and counterterrorism, according to a statement by the defence ministry.
In August 2021, Defence Minister, Mr. Rajnath Singh, approved the launch of Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS) with an outlay of Rs. 400 crore (US$ 54 million) to create stateof-the-art testing infrastructure and boost domestic defence & aerospace manufacturing. The five-year scheme is predicted to set up 6-8 new test facilities in partnership with private industries and facilitate indigenous defence production. The projects under the scheme will be given up to 75% government funding in the form of ‘Grant-in-Aid’. The remaining 25% of the project cost will be borne by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) comprising members from Indian private entities and state governments.
To boost the Indian Government’s ‘self-reliant’ India initiative in June 2021, Defence Minister, Mr. Rajnath Singh, approved the budgetary funds worth Rs. 498.8 crore (US$ 66.83 million) to Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), a Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) for the next five years.
In April 2021, Under the Development cum Production Partner (DcPP) programme, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) allowed private sector firms to develop and produce missile systems, such as vertical launched surface and air missile system programmes, to promote the domestic defence industry.
Demand for defence equipment in India has been growing due to the ongoing territorial disputes with Pakistan and China over the ownership of the Northern State of Kashmir and the North Eastern State of Arunachal Pradesh, respectively.
Over the last five years, India has been ranked among the top importers of defence equipment to gain technological advantages over rival countries such as China and Pakistan. To modernise its armed forces and reduce dependency over external dependence for defence procurement, several initiatives have been taken by the government to encourage ‘Make in India’ activities via policy support initiatives.
Defence ministry plans to put 101 defence items (artillery guns and assault rifles) under import embargo to offer potential military hardware manufacturing opportunities to the Indian defence industry. The defence ministry estimates potential contract worth ~Rs. 4 lakh crore (US$ 57.2 billion) for the domestic industry in the next 5-7 years (2025-2027).
To encourage more participation from start-ups and micro, small & medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Defence Research & Development (R&D) in achieving the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ goal, Mr. Rajnath Singh, Minister of Defence, released a new version of ‘Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Procurement Manual 2020’ on October 20, 2020. There are plans to establish new infrastructure including a defence park in Kerala to manufacture defence equipment for forces. The project is aimed at promoting MSMEs and boosting ‘Make in India’ initiative in defence manufacturing. 25% of the defense R&D budget is set out for private sector and startups.
One of the key successes of ‘Made In India’ initiative in defence manufacturing has been the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun system (ATAGS). ATAGS is being jointly developed by the Defence Research Development Organisation’s (DRDO) Armament Research Development Establishment (ARDE) Pune, Defence Electronics Application Laboratory, Dehradun, and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Bengaluru, along with key corporates such as Bharat Forge, TATA Power SED, Ashok Leyland and Cummins. This 155-mm, 52-caliber artillery gun is undergoing the last stages of the trial and could soon be inducted into the Indian Army. A total of 201 MoUs, product launches and technology transfers were concluded at Aero India 2021 by the Ministry of Defence.
The government is also inviting foreign players to invest in India and capitalise on the ‘Make in India’ opportunity. In June 2021, Defence Minister, Mr. Rajnath Singh, invited Swedish companies to invest in defence corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
On May 12, 2021, PM CARES Fund approved the procurement of 150,000 units of ‘Oxycare’—SpO2-based oxygen supply system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at a cost of Rs. 322.5 crore (US$ 44.16 million).
In April 2021, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) developed single crystal blades technology and supplied 60 of these blades to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), as part of their indigenous helicopter development programme, for helicopter engine application.
India is also developing high-altitude long-endurance unmanned aircrafts for surveillance and reconnaissance applications. The vehicle is being designed to fly 70,000 ft. for several days, providing real-time feedback to controllers while remaining beyond the range of most air defence systems.
Indian government policies to promote self-reliance in defence manufacturing under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Scheme. E.g., 74% FDI in defence manufacturing, ‘Import embargo’ on 101 military items and Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020. Government formulated the ‘Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020’ to provide impetus to self-reliance in defence manufacturing under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ scheme. The ministry aims to achieve a turnover of Rs. 1 lakh 75 thousand crore (US$ 25 billion), including an export of Rs. 35 thousand crore (US$ 5 billion) in the aerospace and defence goods and services by 2025.
